Revision of the genus Gampsocera Schiner (Diptera: Chloropidae: Oscinellinae) from India with descriptions of seven new species

: Seven new species of Gampsocera Schiner namely, keralensis, khasiensis, lutea, nongpohensis, pentastriata, spindulata and trimaculata from India are described. Besides this longicosta (Cherian) and luteopilosa (Cherian) are transferred (n. comb.) from Elachiptera Macquart to Gampsocera Schiner. Elachiptera bengalensis Cherian and Gampsocera mutata var. grandis Lamb are synonymised with G. mutata ( n. syn.). A key to and additional notes on all species of Gampsocera known from India are given. All seven new and two of the known species, longicosta (Cherian) and luteopilosa (Cherian) are endemic to India. ©

Gampsocera is a genus of medium size known by thirty six species from the world.It reaches its maximum development in the Oriental Region from where twenty three species have been reported, of which only two, notata de Meijere (1910) and mutata Becker (1911) are so far known from India.Seven new species from India are described here and luteopilosa Cherian and longicosta Cherian earlier placed under Elachiptera Macquart, are transferred to Gampsocera.Besides, Elachiptera bengalensis Cherian from India and Gampsocera mutata var.grandis Lamb from Sri Lanka are synonymised with G. mutata.Additional notes on and revised key to species of Gampsocera from India are given.Eleven species of Gampsocera recorded from India represent 24.44 % of the forty five known world species, including the seven new species described and two species transferred to this genus below, known from the world.Of these, nine species representing 20% of the known species of the world are endemic to India.

MATERIAL EXAMINED
The type specimens of all the new and known species erected by the author and all the other specimens identified and studied are retained for the present in the collections of the Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) and shall later be deposited in the National Collections, Western Ghats Regional Center, Zoological Survey of India, Kozhikode (Calicut).

Diagnostic characters:
Small to medium sized Elachiptera-like flies often having erect, obliquely prolonged or highly reniform ant 3 and more or less distinctly flattened or basally thickened terminally placed arista bearing long hairs; head squarish; frons normally wider than long, tomentose, with a few fr; frontal triangle smooth, shiny, yellow, dark brown or black, reaching middle or threefourths length of frons; eye large, rounded, squarish or slightly oval with dense pubescence and vertical or a little oblique long axis; anterior ommatidia usually large; gena narrow, width much less than that of ant 3; oral setae prominent; parafacialia not developed; head bristles developed; ovt, ivt and pvt normally subequal, the last upright and cruciate; orb about 5 to 6, posterior 2-3 a little longer; oc upright, cruciate; scutum rather flat, glabrous, shiny, usually with brown or black markings or longitudinal stripes to almost completely black and with pale P.T. Cherian white or dark hairs parted along acr and dc lines; humeral callus with or without spots; pleura smooth, mostly shiny or with dark maculae; scutellum nearly rounded, rarely subtriangular, convex, shiny, with a few hairs; h 1 distinct; npl 1+2, subequal; pa 1, pa 2 and 1 dc developed; as nearly as long as scutellum or longer; ss 1-2; legs slender, yellow or partly black; tibial organ present; femoral organ absent; wing of Oscinella-type, hyaline or with black or brown spots or maculae; veins near maculae at times curved; haltere yellow to brownish yellow; abdomen oval, fifth tergite in male often paler than the preceding ones and narrowly elongate; female cerci long and slender; male genitalia with fused phallic complex, simple, small and short surstyli, small cerci and flattened epandrium: hypandrium weakly developed, mostly in narrow band form, open distally; dorsal plate of phallapodeme not broadened; basal stalk of phallapodeme narrowly elongate and produced beyond basomedian margin of hypandrium.
Remarks: This genus shows close affinities to Gaurax Loew but differs in possessing narrow face, usually dorsodistally prolonged and narrowed ant 3, mostly flattened arista, simple surstyli and short, not widely separated and weakly developed cerci.
The relatively high percentage of species diversity and 20% of endemicity observed in this genus in India, mentioned earlier, may primarily be due to the paucity of comparable information on the diversity of this genus from the rest of the world.It is presumed that the relative percentage of richness of this genus in India may come down as other species-rich areas of the world are thoroughly explored.Sabrosky, 1977.

Key to species of Gampsocera
Diagnostic characters: Head much wider than long, length, height and width ratio 3:4:5; frons nearly parallel sided, widening at vertex, width at point of widening half that of head and 0.8x its own length, projecting a little above but not beyond anterior margin of eye, finely grey tomentose, yellow with slight dark tinge on area around vertex; frontal triangle subshiny, partly tomentose, almost wholly brownish black but in some specimens with yellow tinge at vertex margin, reaching two-thirds length of frons and ending with broadly obtuse apex; facial carina low and hardly reaching one-third length of face; ant 3 prolonged dorsodistally, 0.4x as wide as long, brownish yellow but infuscated along dorsal margin; arista thickened, black with concolourous well developed hairs; gena gradually narrowing anteriorly, width in the middle about one-fourth length of ant 3; vibrissal corner receding, very narrow; postgena reduced; eye large, densely and conspicuously pubescent, with vertical long axis; ovt and the convergent pvt subequal and longer than ivt; oc erect, half as long as ivt; orb 6, reclinate; thorax a little wider than head; scutum 0.95x as long as wide, subshiny brownish black medially and brownish yellow at sides and posteriorly below level of 1 dc, partly finely tomentose with convex disc bearing finely punctate pale hairs; pleura subshiny, partly finely tomentose, deeply brown but for brownish black major part of anepst, much of kepst and anepm and part of propleuron; scutellum almost wholly brownish black with brownish tinge along anterior margin in one specimen, nearly semicircular, subshiny, 1.5x as wide as long with convex disc bearing a few scattered pale hairs; as not widely separated at base, recalling the condition in mutata, a little longer than scutellum; distance between bases of as less than that between as and ss 1; wing more than 3.4x as long as wide, hyaline with nearly '8'-shaped brownish black macula of medium size around middle of R4+5 which covers part of submarginal and 1st posterior cells medially; there is a larger black macula which covers terminal part of 1st marginal cell and more than three-fourths of distal part of 1st posterior cell; proportions of costal sectors 2-4 in the ratio 8:23:11; terminal sector of R4+5 bending a little upwards towards costa distally; r-m cross-vein nearly in the middle of discal cell; anal area receding; haltere yellow; M1+2 bending downwards and joining costa a trifle below apex of wing; legs long and slender, in two specimens wholly yellow but in one from the same locality all the legs, especially tibiae, are a little infuscated; abdomen slender, much narrower than thorax, dull brownish black.
Remarks: Based on differences in the colouration of legs, scutum and pleura, Duda (1934) erected two varieties of Elachiptera notata, viz., obscurata (from Sumatra) and flavipes (from Java) but Sabrosky (1977) considered them only varieties of notata.Based on the study of specimens during the present investigation, I agree with Sabrosky since specimens collected from the same locality on the same day showed differences in extent and pattern of colouration of scutum, pleura and legs.Hence I also consider both these 'varieties' conspecific.
Gampsocera pentastriata sp.n. (Figs.1-3) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0734AD4F-A728-4389-AD89-5F4B860CFD0DMale: Head: (Fig. 1): Much wider than long, length, height and width ratio 13:15:19.Frons gradually widening at vertex, 0.8x as long as wide and 0.6x as wide as head, yellowish brown, finely and densely grey tomentose, projecting a little above eyes anteriorly and with a few short, slender dark brown fr; frontal triangle glabrous, non-tomentose, dark brown with diffused yellow tinge at sides of ocellar triangle and mid-longitudinal area, reaching three-fourths length of frons and ending with narrowly obtuse apex.Face much narrower than frons, longer than wide with dark tinge, lower half nearly 'v'-shaped and tomentose; facial carina very short, confined to area between bases of antennae; epistomal margin slightly raised, yellowish brown, densely grey tomentose.Basal antennal segments yellowish brown; ant 3 prolonged dorsodistally as in mutata, more than 1.5x as wide as long, yellowish brown with dark tinge especially along dorsodistal margin; arista terminal, thickened as in mutata but a little longer, dark brown with dense well developed black hairs.Gena yellowish brown at its middle, 0.4x as wide as median length of ant 3; oral margin with a row of well developed setae of which anterior ones are more long; vibrissal corner greatly receding; postgena well developed, concolourous with gena, with a few punctate hairs.Eye large, fairly densely and conspicuously pubescent, with vertical long axis.Palpi yellow; proboscis blackish brown, tomentose with a few short hairs.Head bristles dark brown; ovt and cruciate pvt subequal; ivt a little shorter than ovt; oc erect, convergent; orb about 6, reclinate, posterior ones progressively becoming longer; if in a row of about 6 along outer margin of frontal triangle.
Thorax: Almost as wide as head.Scutum greatly convex, 0.8x as wide as long, brownish yellow with five shiny black longitudinal strips of which median is broad and runs along whole length of scutum, narrows posteriorly before reaching posterior margin, each sub- median is narrow and commences from transverse suture and runs only a short distance and each lateral one appears confluent with median one and reaches base of pa 1 where it is a little broadened; there is a black patch above transverse suture almost in line with median and lateral bands.In the holotype, median and sub-median bands are confluent and hence whole of median part of scutum is blackish; hairs on scutum slender, fairly dense, finely punctate and whitish yellow; humeral callus yellow with diffused dark tinge in middle.Scutellum (Fig. 2) 0.6x as long as wide, subtriangular, wholly shiny black in one specimen but with yellow lateral and distal margins in the other so that black colour is confined to its median part.Pleura yellowish brown, partly tomentose; kepst and meron almost wholly in one specimen and partly in the other shiny black; anepst and anepm partly shiny black.Thoracic bristles long slender, brownish black; h 1 shorter than ovt; npl 1+2, subequal; pa 1 a little longer than and 1 dc subequal to npl; pa 2 hair-like; as 1.3x as long as scutellum, not very widely separated at base; ss 1 about half as long as as; distance between bases of ss 1 and as more than that between that of as.
Wing (Fig. 3): Long and narrow, relatively narrower than in most species, 3.8x as long as wide, with dark brown veins and deeply brown hairs; proportions of costal sectors 2-4 in the ratio 50:27:13; r-m cross-vein basad of middle of discal cell, opposite 0.4 of its length; discal cell long and narrow; terminal sector of M1+2 nearly straight, that of R4+5 abruptly becoming convex above distally at about four-fifths length of wing and after a distance becomes nearly straight but bends slightly upwards before joining costa; there is a large blackish brown macula, commencing at the level where R4+5 bends upwards and becomes convex above and it gradually widens and covers entire distal part of first posterior cell; this macula spreads narrowly over to upper part of second posterior cell along margin of M1+2 and margin of wing which is conspicuous in one specimen and less so in the other; anal area greatly receding.
Haltere yellow but in one specimen knob with dark tinge.
Legs: More long and slender than in most species of the genus, predominantly yellow with diffused dark tinge on coxa especially of fore legs and anterodorsal and ventral margins of femora; all tibiae also with diffused dark tinge; fore tarsi almost wholly infuscated, tarsal segments of mid and hind legs mostly appearing a little darkened in some angles of illumination.
Abdomen: Long, much narrower than thorax, blackish brown with yellow tinge on basal segments.

Etymology:
The species derives its name from the five longitudinal stripes on scutum.
Paratype: 1 , collection data same as that of holotype.

P.T. Cherian
Remarks: This species shows affinities to notata de Meijere but differs especially in having long and very narrow wing which is 3.8x as long as wide, a large blackish brown macula covering entire distal part of first posterior cell which narrowly spreads to upper parts of second posterior and marginal cells terminally and greatly receding anal area.Besides, in pentastraiata r-m cross-vein is basad of middle of discal cell, second sector of costa is much longer than third and fourth sectors together and gena is relatively wider.But in notata wing is not very narrow, position and size of maculae on wing are very different from that of pentastriata, r-m cross-vein is nearly in the middle of discal cell, second costal sector is shorter than third and fourth sectors, gena is relatively more narrow and anal area is not greatly receding.
Gampsocera khasiensis sp.n. (Figs.4-6) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F7CA77C7-8623-4CBC-B308-DF8795C4B5DEMale, Female: Head (Fig. 4): Higher than long, length, height and width ratio 9:12:16.Frons widening at vertex and slightly narrowing anteriorly, width at vertex 0.56x that of head and 0.9x as long as wide, in most specimens projecting above eye margin anteriorly, densely grey tomentose, dull yellow with dark tinge in its widened area at vertex; frontal triangle partly tomentose, shiny to subshiny brownish black with yellow tinge at vertex, partly along sides and around anterior margin, reaching two-thirds length of frons and ending with nearly pointed apex.Face deeply concave, narrow, higher than wide, yellowish brown and densely grey tomentose; facial carina prominent between bases of antennae and running as a raised ridge reaching about one-third length of face where it fades off almost abruptly; epistomal margin only slightly raised up, shiny dark brown .Basal antennal segments brown; ant 2 with a row of brown hairs along distal margin; ant 3 reniform, 2.2x as wide as long, yellow but in some specimens mostly with light to very deep brown tinge especially along antero-distal margin and with fairly dense fine pubescence; arista terminal, hardly longer than ant 3, thickened all along and gradually narrowing towards apex, black with short fairly dense concolourous hairs.Gena narrow, width in the middle about one-fifth that of ant 3, shiny yellow but finely grey tomentose around area of vibrissal corner which is receding and rounded; postgena shiny, concolourous with gena, not well developed.Eye large, fairly densely and conspicuously pubescent with vertical long axis.Palpi yellow; proboscis short, brownish black.Head bristles brownish black, ovt and convergent pvt subequal; ivt a little shorter than ovt; oc erect, half as long as ivt; orb about 5, reclinate, progressively anterior ones becoming shorter.
Thorax: Scutum 0.9x as wide as long with convex disc which is densely tomentose, blackish medially and less tomentose and yellow at sides and in the area of 1 dc and a little below posteriorly; in some specimens dorsum is less tomentose, partly shiny and yellow colouration at sides and posteriorly cover larger areas; in two specimens, yellow colouration on dorsum is in the form of two yellow stripes running from posterior margin to transverse suture and faintly a little upwards along dc lines.Humeral callus well developed, almost wholly yellow but in some specimens with dark tinge medially.Pleura subshiny to partly shiny with dark tinge in some areas; anepst, kepst, anepm and meron mostly and propleuron partly with dark tinge.But in some specimens, pleura is predominantly yellow with dark tinge limited to some areas only.Scutellum (Fig. 5) 1.5x as wide as long, nearly semicircular, subshiny black with a few short pale hairs which are less dense than on scutum.Thoracic bristles rather slender, h 1, 1+2 npl, pa 1, pa 2 and 1 dc as in pentastriata; as not very widely separated at base, as long as scutellum; ss 1 half as long as and widely separated at base from as.
Wing (Fig. 6): Hyaline with dark brown maculae covering almost whole of marginal cell and much of the area of submarignal cell except for the basal part and narrow stripe along upper margin of R4+5; besides, there is another macula covering upper half of distal part of first posterior cell; third sector of costa 1.5x as long as second and much longer than forth sector; r-m cross-vein basad of middle of discal cell, opposite 0.4 of its length; terminal sector of R4+5 rather abruptly bending upwards towards costa along about one-fourth of its length distally and hence in that area prominently diverging from M1+2; anal area receding.Haltere yellow.Legs: Coxa, trochanters and femora wholly yellow but in some specimens anterodorsal margin especially of mid and hind femora with light dark tinge; fore and mid tibiae distally and hind tibia mostly dark brown but for yellow basal part and part of the rest of the areas; tarsi predominantly yellow with light to deeply brown tinge on most segments especially distal ones; tibial organ very conspicuous, narrow and oval.
Abdomen: subshiny, much narrower than thorax; two basal segments brownish yellow, a little broader than rest of the segments which are blackish brown and with short, fine hairs.

Length:
2.1 mm; wing 2.3 mm 2.3 mm, wing 2.4 mm Etymology: The species is named after Khasi Hills in Meghalaya state from where the majority of paratypes were collected.Remarks: G. khasiensis shows affinities to poeciloptera Becker from Java in general characters.However in khasiensis, third sector of costa is 1.5x as long as second and longer than fourth sector, marginal cell is almost entirely and submarignal cell but for its base and a narrow stripe along upper margin of R4+5 are with large dark brown maculae and 1st posterior cell in upper part distally also is with such a macula.In addition in khasiensis femora are almost entirely yellow.But in poeciloptera third sector of costa is shorter than second and fourth sectors, wing in anterior margin at end of R2+3 and R4+5 is with a large dark brown macula which is interrupted by 4 or 5 circular spots, first posterior cell is entirely hyaline and femora distally are broadly brownish black.
Gampsocera spindulata sp.n. (Figs.7-9) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AD687F77-26CA-4B2C-A36D-DABD5E9DEB12Male, female: Head (Fig. 7): Much wider than long, length, height and width ratio 13:16:20.Frons shiny, very finely and sparsely to densely grey tomentose, 1.2x as wide as long and 0.6x as wide as head, yellowish brown especially in anterior part, rest of the area partly infuscated more along eye margins; frontal triangle at vertex two-thirds as wide as frons, shiny brownish black especially in one specimen, with yellowish brown tinge in area around vertex, reaching two-thirds length of frons and ending with narrowly obtuse apex; in one specimen in the triangle two to three small tomentose patches are present and area at sides and just in front of ocellar triangle yellow.Face deeply concave, much narrower than frons and higher than wide, yellowish brown and finely grey tomentose; facial carina triangular between antennae and reaching as linear ridge to one-third length of face; epistomal margin raised up, tomentose, brownish yellow.Basal antennal segments yellow; ant 3 prolonged dorsodistally, 2.2x as wide as long, predominantly yellow and grey tomentose with dense very fine hairs and dark tinge along dorsodistal margin and area around base of arista; arista slightly thickened at base and becoming slender distally, brownish black with fairly dense well developed concolourous hairs.Gena yellowish brown with dark tinge along oral margin, width in the middle about onefourth length of ant 3, becoming more narrow, rounded and receding at vibrissal corner; vibrissal corner not projecting beyond anterior eye margin; postgena moderately developed but slightly infuscated.Eye large, oval, densely and conspicuously pubescent with oblique long axis.Palpi brownish yellow; proboscis short, shiny dark brown.Head bristles brownish black, ovt and cruciate pvt subequal, ivt a trifle shorter than ovt; oc erect and slightly reclinate; orb about 5, posterior ones progressively becoming longer, longest one two-thirds as long as ivt; if short, hair-like, in a row along outer margin of frontal triangle.
Thorax: Scutum as wide as head and 0.9x as wide as long, shiny, finely and sparsely tomentose with short fairly dense yellow hairs and with three broad shiny black longitudinal bands separated by very narrow yellow longitudinal stripes which are hardly discernable especially in the holotype that the whole of dorsum of scutum except for yellow sides and narrow area between longitudinal bands posteriorly appear black; median band narrows a little before joining margin of scutellum.Humeral callus yellow with dark median macula.Pleura shiny yellow with deeply brown to brownish black diffused maculae covering some areas of anepst, much of the area of anepm, part of meron and lower part of kepst.Scutellum (Fig. 8) shiny black, subtriangular, 0. 62x as long as wide with convex disc bearing a few yellow hairs.Thoracic bristles black; h 1 nearly as long as ovt; npl 1+2, subequal, equal to 1 dc; pa 1 a trifle longer than npl; as a little longer than scutellum, not very widely separated at base, recalling the condition in pentastriata; ss 1 nearly half as long as as; distance between bases of ss 1 and as more than that between the as; ss 2, 0.4x as long as ss 1.
Wing (Fig. 9) : Long and narrow but not so narrow as in pentastriata, 3x as long as wide, hyaline with very deeply brown maculae; proportions of costal sectors 2-4 in the ratio 15:11:5; r-m cross-vein distad of middle of discal cell, opposite 0.52 of its length; terminal sectors of R4+5 and M1+2 nearly parallel along part of their lengths basally but the former gradually becomes convex above along three-fourths of its length and then straightens along a short distance before slightly bending upwards and joining costa; M1+2 gradually becomes concave above in the area corresponding to the convexity of R4+5 whence it straightens before joining wing margin so that the two veins becomes spindle-shaped in distal part of wing; anal area slightly receding; there is a large very deeply brown macula covering whole of marginal cell, an uneven partly diffused such macula which covers part of submedian part of submarignal, first posterior and second posterior cells, a fairly large suboval macula in first posterior cell where R4+5 and M1+2 are spindle-shaped and a fairly large macula in second posterior cell along margin of M1+2 in the area where it is concave above and also a little beyond and behind so that they join; apart from the maculae much of the basal part of wing including part of basal radial (first basal) and anal field basally also with diffused brown tinge.
Legs: Long and slender, wholly yellow except that hind femur is infuscated along its anterodorsal and anteroventral margins and hind tibia is partly darkened especially in basal half.Tibial organ very distinct.
Abdomen: Much narrower than thorax, subshiny brownish black with slender hairs.Distal segments of abdomen of female broken off.
Paratype: 1 (partly damaged), collection data same as that of holotype.
Etymology: The species derives its name from the spindle-shaped first posterior cell of its wing.
Remarks: G. spindulata shows affinities to khasiensis but in the former second sector of costa is much longer than third sector, r-m cross-vein is only slightly beyond middle of discal cell and terminal sectors of R4+5 and M1+2 form a spindle-shaped area in distal part of wing while in the latter species second sector of costa is shorter than third sector, r-m cross-vein is far before middle of discal cell and terminal sectors of R4+5 and M1+2 do not form a spindleshaped area distally.Besides, the pattern of colouration of wing in the two species is entirely different.
Gampsocera trimaculata sp.n. (Figs.10-12) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0FA8E08A-068E-4635-981B-9BAFEADC2101Male, Female: Head (Fig. 10): Higher than long, height and width ratio 7:8:10.Frons nearly parallel-sided widening at vertex, 0.85x as long as wide and at level of posterior ocelli 0.6x as wide as head, fairly densely grey tomentose, dull yellowish brown but partly with dark tinge.Frontal triangle two-thirds as wide as frons at vertex, subshiny, mostly brownish black in the area beyond anterior ocellus and yellowish brown at vertex but in some specimens almost wholly brownish yellow with irregular dark tinge confined to some areas, reaching two-thirds length of frons and ending with broadly obtuse apex.Face yellowish brown, densely tomentose, higher than wide; facial carina triangular between antennae and hardly reaching linearly middle of face; epistomal margin convex, slightly projecting.Antennal segments almost wholly yellow but rarely with dark tinge around anterodistal margin of ant 3; ant 3 prolonged dorsodistally, 2x as wide as long; basal segment of arista thickened, flagellum slightly thickened around base but becomes slender along much of its length distally, wholly with very dense long black hairs which are longer than width of arista around its base.Gena subshiny yellow, width about one-fourth that of ant 3; vibrissal corner receding, rounded; postgena concolourous with gena, of medium size with a few pale hairs; there is a row of slender postocular setae.Eye large, very densely and conspicuously pubescent with oblique long axis.Palpi rather slender, cylindrical, yellow; proboscis short, partly dark brown.Head bristles dark brown; ovt and pvt subequal; ivt a little shorter than ovt; orb 6, erect to slightly reclinate; oc erect, as long as longest orb.
Thorax: As wide as head.Scutum dull, densely grey tomentose, more coarsely punctate than in all the species from India so far known, with short dense yellow hairs, 0.9x as wide as long with gently convex disc; there are three broad rather not well defined brownish black longitudinal bands of which median runs whole length of scutum, each lateral one commences typically from level of posterior margin of humeral callus, is interrupted with yellow colouration especially at transverse suture and covers much of side of scutum.In some specimens median band is interrupted partly by uneven yellow tinge; in rare instances median band is divided by an yellow longitudinal stripe reducing it to two narrow brownish black stripes which hardly reach two-thirds length of scutum, leaving whole part yellow and imparting the appearance of two narrow median and broader submedian bands; humeral callus nearly yellow but for dark brown median spot.anepst and anepm densely grey tomentose, almost wholly brownish black; kepst rather shiny brownish yellow, partly tomentose with dark tinge confined to some P.T. Cherian areas.Scutellum (Fig. 11) less densely tomentose and pubescent than scutum, nearly semicircular, 1.4x as wide as long with convex disc which is typically yellow along anterior and dorsodistal margins and with dark tinge on dorsum but extent of dark tinge differs in different specimens so that in one or two specimens it is almost wholly dark brown.Thoracic bristles slender; h 1, 1+ 2 npl, 1 dc, pa 1 and pa 2 bristles as pentastriata; as fairly widely separated at base, 1.1x as long as scutellum; ss 1 half as long as as; distance between bases of ss 1 and as nearly subequal to that between the two as; ss 2 two-thirds as long as ss 1 but more slender.In some specimens a short hair-like ss 3 is distinct.Wing (Fig. 12): About 2.8x as long as wide, hyaline with pale brown veins; proportions of costal sectors 2-4 in the ratio 10:13:6; r-m cross-vein basad of middle of discal cell, opposite 0.43 of its length; terminal sector of M1+2 gently convex above along its entire length and joining costa a trifle beyond apex of wing.In males there are three deeply brown maculae of which a small diffused one is found submedially on marginal cell, a still smaller oval one submedially on submarignal cell before ending of second sector of costa and a little larger nearly suboval macula submedially in upper half of first posterior cell which touches R4+5; maculae on wings are absent in females.Anal area only slightly receding.Haltere yellow.
Legs: Slender, almost wholly yellow but in some specimens some femora and tibiae partly with diffused deeply brown tinge especially along dorsal and ventral margins.
Abdomen: Much narrower than thorax in male, subshiny blackish brown, partly finely tomentose with yellow tinge on margins of distal segments and with short slender hairs.Female cerci slender, of medium length, black with slender hairs.Etymology: The species derives its name from the three deeply brown maculae on the otherwise hyaline wing in males.
Remarks: This species comes close to G. lunifer Becker from Java.But while in G. trimaculata frontal triangle is partly darkened, scutum is coarsely punctate, second sector of costa is shorter than third sector, r-m cross-vein is prominently basad of middle of discal cell and there are three deeply brown maculae, one each on marginal, submarginal and first posterior cells almost in submedian part of wing in males and terminal sector of M1+2 is gently convex above along its entire length, in lunifer frontal triangle is reddish yellow, scutum is shiny black and only very finely punctate, second sector of costa is shorter than third sector, r-m cross-vein is nearly in the middle of discal cell, there are only 2 diffused maculae on wing of which one is located subterminally on first posterior cell and terminal sector of M1+2 is straight.Diagnostic characters: Head as wide as long; frons dark brown to yellowish brown, half as wide as head and wide as long; frontal triangle glabrous, shiny brownish black, rarely appearing yellowish brown, reaching a little beyond two-thirds length of frons and ending with broadly obtuse apex; face and epistomal margin flattened, the latter projecting upwards; facial carina low, linear, reaching middle of face; ant 3 reniform, upper angle produced, 2.6x as wide as long, yellow to yellowish brown; arista terminal, flat, thickened but gradually narrowing towards apex; eye fairly large, squarish, with fine pubescence and oblique long axis; gena narrow; vibrissal corner rounded; head bristles slender, in some specimens all are yellow and in some others a few are blackish brown; ovt nearly half as long as width of eye; ivt a little shorter than ovt; orb 5-6, posterior two or three a little prominent; scutum convex, as wide as head, length and width subequal, in some specimens only median part brownish black and sides and posterior part yellow or brown, in others whole of dorsum black or brownish black with brown or yellowish brown tinge restricted to extreme lateral margins and a narrow area around 1 dc; humeral callus yellow or partly or wholly dark brown; scutellum broadly rounded, 1.2x as wide as long with white hairs as on scutum; as as long as scutellum; ss 1 half as long as as; distance between bases of as less than that between as and ss 1; wing of specimens from Himalayan region hyaline but in those from Trivandrum, which is nearer to the equator, wing is with darkish tinge; proportions of costal sectors 2 to 4 in the ratio 32:23:12 to 32:20:12; terminal sectors of R4+5 and M1+2 nearly parallel; legs yellow but for brownish black bands covering some areas of femora and some tibiae and infuscation on some tarsi; female cerci long and slender; epandrium only a little wider than long; hypandrium widely concave on ventral margin; postgonites large and flat.

Gampsocera mutata
Distribution: India: Assam, Kerala, Karnataka, Kurseong (E.Himalaya), Tamil Nadu West Bengal; Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia (Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Simeuluë I.), Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand Variations: In the nature and colouration of frontal triangle, colour of ant 3, scutum and wing, proportions of costal sectors and such other characters this species exhibits wide range of variations.Thus in some specimens frontal triangle is wholly shiny black, reaches a little beyond two-thirds length of frons and is with broadly obtuse apex but in a few it is partly with yellow tinge, reaches hardly two-thirds length of frons and is narrowly obtuse at apex.Extent of yellow colour at sides and posterior part of scutum also shows various ranges in development.In some specimens scutum is almost entirely black but in a few others it is partly with yellow tinge.In a few specimens, especially from Himalaya, ant 3 is yellow with dark tinge confined to dorsal and dorsodistal margin but in specimens from southern parts of India it is almost wholly darkened with faint yellow tinge in lower half.Arista in some specimens is more yellowish than in others and in all appear black because of black hairs.Besides, colour of wing also exhibits variations.Remarks: Both the types of Elachiptera bengalensis Cherian were studied.It was found that the species comes under the genus Gampsocera.The minor differences observed in the specimens were found to fall within the range of variations in the specimens of mutata from various localities.Hence the species is transferred to Gampsocera and synonymised with G. mutata.Lamb (1918) in his original description of grandis from Sri Lanka considered it a variety of G. mutata because of differences in the size of the specimens, variations in colouration and relative lengths of costal sectors though he had not indicated the relative lengths of the costal sectors in grandis.Sabrosky (1977) in his catalogue on Oriental Chloropidae considered grandis a separate species.In Lamb's diagram of the wing of grandis it is apparent that lengths of costal sectors 2-4 are in the ratio 29:20:7 which agree with that in some typical specimens of mutata.As colouration of ant 3, frontal triangle and relative lengths of costal sectors and thorax also exhibit differences in development in different specimens which fall within the range of variations in typical specimens of mutata, it is apparent that only one species is involved.Hence both are considered conspecific with grandis relegated to the status of a junior synonym of mutata Becker.
Gampsocera lutea sp.n. (Figs.13-15) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DEEFBD2F-C9E7-4BBE-AFB4-25E0692C9FDCMale: Head (Fig. 13): Higher than long, length, height and width ratio 15:18:22.Frons narrowing anteriorly, width at vertex 0.5 that of head and 0.9x its own length, projecting a little above but not beyond anterior margin of eye, finely tomentose, brownish yellow with slight dark tinge around vertex margin and with short, finely punctate white fr; frontal triangle brownish yellow with dark tinge, subshiny, partly finely tomentose, reaching almost two-thirds length of frons and ending with nearly pointed apex.Face much narrow, deeply concave, deeply yellowish brown; facial carina not extending beyond bases of antennae; epistomal margin dark; antennae yellow; ant 3, unlike in most of the other species of the genus not dorsodistally prolonged, P.T. Cherian about 1.3x as wide as long; arista subterminal, only very slightly thickened at base, rather slender unlike in most species, dark brown with fine concolourous pubescence.Gena wider than in most species, yellowish brown, width in the middle about 0.6x that of ant 3; vibrissal corner receding, rounded, not reaching anterior margin of eye; postgena well developed, deeply brown.Eye densely pubescent with oblique to almost horizontal long axis.Palpi brownish yellow; proboscis short, nearly dark brown.Head bristles as in khasiensis, yellow; orb about 5, reclinate.
Thorax: A trifle narrower than head and 0.95x as long as wide.Scutum with punctae, white hairs, a little wider than long with gently convex partly tomentose, medially broadly black disc which is yellow at sides and along one-fourth of its length posteriorly.Humeral callus yellow with broad dark tinge in the middle.Pleura subshiny, partly tomentose, yellowish brown with dark infuscation which is more conspicuous in the rather shiny lower part of kepst.Scutellum (Fig. 14) 1.35x as wide as long, nearly semicircular, almost wholly subshiny black, thinly tomentose with punctate hairs which are less dense than but concolourous with those on scutum.Thoracic bristles brown; h 1, 1+2 npl, pa 1, pa 2 and 1 dc as in 7 ''khasiensis; as not widely separated at base, about 1.2 as long as scutellum; ss 1 about 0.6 x as long as as; distance between bases of ss 1 and as only a little more than that between the two as.
Wing (Fig. 15): Hyaline with brown veins; proportions of costal sectors 2-4 in the ratio 13:9:4; terminal sectors of R4+5 and M1+2 nearly parallel along almost their entire lengths but the former slightly diverging terminally as it slightly bends upwards before joining costa; r-m cross-vein slightly distad of middle of discal cell, opposite 0.53 of its length; anal area very slightly receding.Haltere yellowish brown.
Abdomen: Much longer than broad and much narrower than thorax; three basal segments dark brown medially and yellowish brown at sides, rest of the segments brownish.Etymology: This species gets its name from its entirely yellow legs.
Remarks: G. lutea keys near G. mutata Becker but unlike in the latter it has slender, entirely yellow legs, not dorsodistally prolonged ant 3, slender arista and wider gena.Besides, in this species as are more widely separated at base than in mutata.
Gampsocera nongpohensis sp.n. (Figs.16-18) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FC2CD921-9061-4299-83E7-B126DFC884D4Female: Head (Fig. 16): Much wider than long, length, height and width ratio 7:9:12.Frons slightly narrowing anteriorly, projecting a little above but not beyond anterior margin of eye, width at vertex 0.51x that of head and nearly equal to its own length, dull brownish yellow, finely grey tomentose and with short punctate brown fr; frontal triangle about two-thirds as wide as frons at vertex, subshiny, partly grey tomentose, concolourous with frons except for infuscation at sides, at vertex margin and a little beyond and one-fourth its length anteriorly, reaching two-thirds length of frons and ending with broadly obtuse apex.Face narrow, deeply concave, dull yellowish brown, grey tomentose with epistomal margin projecting and gently convex in the middle; facial carina triangular between bases of antennae and hardly reaching one-third length of face.Gena brownish yellow, narrowing anteriorly, width in the middle one-P.T. Cherian fifth that of ant 3; vibrissal corner receding, rounded; postgena developed as in khasiensis, yellowish brown; ant 3 prolonged dorsodistally, about 2x as wide as long, brownish yellow with diffused light dark tinge; arista terminal, slender, only slightly thickened at base, brownish black with slender fairly dense well developed concolourous hairs.Eye large, densely and conspicuously pubescent, with vertical long axis.Palpi yellow; proboscis deeply brown, predominantly with dark tinge.Head bristles blackish brown; ovt and convergent pvt subequal and a little longer than ivt; oc erect, convergent, about half as long as ivt; orb 6, reclinate, anterior ones progressively becoming shorter; if in a row of about 6-7 along outer margin of frontal triangle, hardly longer than fr.
Thorax: Scutum 0.9x as long as wide, yellow with three diffused broad brownish black longitudinal bands which are not distinct anteriorly and are interrupted especially medially; sides of scutum irregularly with dark tinge; disc of scutum convex, finely tomentose, subshiny with short pale hairs.Humeral callus yellow with dark tinge in median area.Pleura partly shiny to subshiny; anepst mostly and rest of the areas partly with diffused brownish black irregular maculae.Scutellum (Fig. 17 ) almost semicircular, yellow around laterodistal margins and sides of dorsum but median part of convex, dull, partly tomentose disc brownish black and bears a few short slender hairs which are concolourous with those on scutum.Thoracic bristles brownish black; h 1 shorter than ovt; npl 1+2, subequal and equal to 1 dc and pa 1; as a little longer than scutellum, moderately widely separated at base; ss 1 about half as long as as and ss 2 half as long as ss 1.
Wing (Fig. 18 ): Entirely hyaline with brown veins; proportions of costal sectors 2-4 in the ratio 3:2:1; terminal sectors of R4+5 and M1+2 almost parallel, the latter nearly straight and joining costa a little beyond apex of wing; r-m cross-vein nearly in middle of discal cell; anal area only very slightly receding.Haltere yellow.
Legs: Slender, yellow but for slightly infuscated one or two tarsal segments of foreleg.
Abdomen: Only slightly narrower than thorax, dull, fairly densely grey tomentose, almost wholly brownish black with brownish yellow tinge confined to distal margins of second and third segments, distal segments of abdomen with more conspicuous dark brown hairs than basal segments; ovipositor rather slender, of medium length, black with a few slender hairs.Etymology: This species is named after the name of the locality of the type specimen Remarks: G. nongpohensis keys near lutea but differs in having dorsodistally prolonged ant 3, narrow gena which in the middle is only one-fifth as wide as ant 3, brownish black scutellum and medially partly yellow scutum.Besides, in nongpohensis as are not widely separated at base.But in lutea ant 3 is not dorsodistally prolonged, gena is more than half as wide as ant 3, scutellum is entirely yellow, median part of scutum is partly yellow and as are widely separated at base.Male: Head (Fig. 19): Much wider than long, length, height and width ratio 11:13:19.Frons dull, widening at vertex and slightly narrowing anteriorly, width at vertex at point of widening 0.55x that of head and 1.2x its own length, dark brown at vertex along area behind posterior ocelli and finely grey tomentose and yellow with diffused brown tinge in the area beyond vertex margin upto anterior margin which does not project beyond but anteriorly projects P.T. Cherian above eye margin; fr finely punctate, pale yellow; frontal triangle clearly demarcated and partly tomentose, unlike in most species of Gampsocera dull and rugulose, predominantly blackish brown with one or two faint yellow patches at sides of ocellar triangle and around apex, reaching nearly three-fourths length of frons and ending with obtuse apex, anterior part around apex appearing yellow as it is covered by yellow lunule.Face rather narrow, very deeply concave, grey tomentose, yellowish brown; facial carina triangular between bases of antennae and running as a low sublinear ridge reaching nearly middle of face whence it fades off; epistomal margin raised up, dull black with convex margin.Basal antennal segments deeply brown; ant 3 prolonged dorsodistally, 2x as wide as long, yellow in lower half and dark brown along dorsal and distal margins and one-third of its length apically; arista rather slender, only a trifle thickened at base, dark brown with conspicuous, concolourous pubescence.Gena narrowing anteriorly, dull brown, finely grey tomentose, width in the middle about half the length of ant 3; vibrissal corner receding, rounded, hardly reaching anterior margin of eye; postgena more developed than in notata, concolourous with gena.Eye large, densely and conspicuously pubescent with vertical long axis.Palpi yellowish brown; proboscis rather short, subshiny dark brown.Head bristles brownish black, similar to those of notata; orb 6, reclinate.Thorax : Scutum 0.9x as long as wide, subshiny, partly tomentose with gently convex disc which is predominantly black with yellow sides and with two faint submedian yellow bands running from transverse suture which widens a little posteriorly; scutal hairs slender finely punctate, yellowish white; humeral callus yellowish brown.Pleura brownish black except for deeply brown propleuron and area below and posterior to it.Scutellum (Fig. 20) nearly subtriangular, 1.4x as wide as long with convex, subshiny brownish black disc bearing a few scattered yellowish white hairs.Thoracic bristles brownish black with 1 h, 1+2 npl, 1 dc, pa 1 and a very short pa 2 as in notata; as not very widely separated at base, as long as scutellum; ss 1 about one-third as long as as but very slender; distance between bases of ss 1 and as more than that between the two as.

Gampsocera keralensis
Wing (Fig. 21): Hyaline with deeply brown veins; proportions of costal sectors 2 to 4 in the ratio 15:10:4; r-m cross-vein nearly in middle of discal cell; terminal sector of R4+5 convex above submedially whence it becomes concave above before joining costa and that of M1+2 concave above basally so that first posterior cell is widened submedially whence it gradually narrows distally; M1+2 and R4+5 gradually convergent distally; basal part of subcostal, submarginal and first posterior cells with deep brown tinge; anal area moderately developed.
Legs: Long and slender; coxae brownish yellow with dark tinge; fore femur almost wholly and mid and hind-femora yellow in their basal halves and dark brown in their distal halves; fore and midtibiae yellow at around their bases and darkened distally; hindtibia but for its extreme yellow base brownish black; all tarsi, except for a little infuscated one or two distal segments of each leg, yellow.
Etymology: The species is named after Kerala, the Indian State in which it is distributed Remarks: G. keralensis comes close to divisa Becker from Taiwan but while in the former frontal triangle is rugulose and reaches nearly three-fourths length of frons, gena is nearly half as wide as length of ant 3 and femora and tibiae are partly dark brown to blackish brown, in divisa frontal triangle is shiny and not rugulose and reaches only middle of face, gena is narrow and legs are predominantly yellow, atmost with dark bands distally on femora and hind tibia.

P.T. Cherian
Salient characters: Head as long as high; frontal triangle about two-thirds as wide as frons at vertex, reaching three-fourths length of frons and ending with nearly pointed apex; facial carina deeply brownish and in some specimens less developed, in specimens in which it is more distinct it is conspicuous between bases of antennae and runs as a raised ridge and fades off at two-fifths length of face; ant 3 angulate, 2.5x as wide as long; arista slightly thickened along one-fifth its length basally whence it becomes progressively slender; gena subshiny, densely tomentose, width in the middle one-fourth that of ant 3; vibrissal corner receding, reaches anterior margin of eye and ends with rounded margin; eye large, densely and conspicuously pubescent with vertical long axis; pvt convergent, equal to ovt; oc about half as long as ivt but much slender, erect and almost cruciate; orb 4-5, reclinate; scutum yellowish brown with convex disc; as and ss 1 borne on small warts; proportions of costal sectors 2-4 varies from 12:8:4 to11:7:3; terminal sectors of M1+2 and R4+5 nearly parallel, the latter joining costa beyond apex of wing; M1+2 a little sinuate and slightly diverging from R4+5 terminally; legs with infuscation on coxae trochanters, femora and foretibia: abdomen much narrower than thorax; ovipositor of medium size, wholly black.Remarks: G. luteopilosa keys near mutata Becker but while in the former arista is only slightly thickened at base and with almost slender flagellum and scutum is black with yellow longitudinal stripes, in mutata arista is greatly thickened and almost sword-shaped and dorsum of scutum is medially black.Besides, in luteopilosa frontal triangle reaches three-fourths length of frons and ends with pointed apex and terminal sector of M1+2 is sinuate where as in mutata frontal triangle reaches only two-thirds length of frons and ends with obtuse apex and terminal sector of M1+2 is nearly straight.
This species originally described under Elachiptera comes under Gampsocera and hence is transferred to that genus.The original description was based on females only.3 additional specimens, including 2 males, were collected and studied and they agree with the original description but for minor variations discussed above.