Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Arunachal Pradesh, India

: Forty-one species of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) are recorded and one new genus and six new species are described from the Indian State of Arunachal Pradesh. Of the 41 species, 38 species are newly recorded from Arunachal Pradesh. Also 18 genera are newly recorded from Arunachal Pradesh. These are: Adelencyrtus Ashmead, Aenasius Walker, Apoleptomastix Kerrich, Blepyrus Howard, Callipteroma Motschulsky, Cheiloneuromyia Girault, Cheiloneurus Westwood, Gentakola Noyes & Hayat, Haligra Noyes & Hayat, Homalotylus Mayr, Leptomastix Foerster, Metaphycus Mercet, Neodusmetia Kerrich, Ooencyrtus Ashmead, Proleurocerus Ferrière, Psyllaephagus Ashmead, Rhopus Foerster, Trechnites Thomson. The new taxa described are: Chalaruna indica Hayat, gen. et sp. nov. , Cheiloneuromyia idnia Hayat, sp. nov. , Metaphycus zabica Zeya, sp. nov. , Ooencyrtus bidentatus Hayat, sp. nov. , Psyllaephagus pauropsylla Hayat, sp. nov. , Trechnites albicrus Hayat, sp. nov. A list of the 16 species of Encyrtidae known from Arunachal Pradesh prior to this publication is also given. © 2014 Association for Advancement of Entomology


INTRODUCTION
The fauna of the family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Arunachal Pradesh (India), was very poorly known, with seven species.Hayat & Kazmi (2011) added nine species.A list of these 16 species is given below.This paper is based on the collections made by K. Veenakumari from Pasighat (Arunachal Pradesh).This paper describes one new genus and six new species, and reports 18 genera and 38 species as new record from Arunachal Pradesh.Thus the current faunal inventory of the family Encyrtidae of Arunachal Pradesh is 31 genera and 60 species.

METHODS
The terminology follows Hayat (2006), except for the use of the terms 'mesosoma' for the thorax plus propodeum, and 'metasoma' for the petiole plus gaster.Body length is given in millimetres; other measurements are relative, taken from the divisions of a linear scale micrometer placed in the eye piece of a stereozoom binocular microscope at 10× zoom 8 (one micrometer division = 0.01234 mm) for carded specimens, and placed in the eye piece of a compound microscope at 100× magnification (one micrometer division = 0.00988 mm) or 400× magnification (one micrometer division = 0.0025 mm) for slide-mounted parts.
Original citations to the species recorded here are not given as these are available in Hayat (2006), but citations are given for species described after 2006.We may note that the species of the tribe Anagyrini and of the genus Metaphycus Mercet were identified by the second author (SBZ) indicated in the text by an asterisk (*), and the remaining species were identified by the first author (MH).

Female
Head, in dorsal view, with frontovertex broad, about 0.5× head width; frontovertex nearly as long as broad; occipital margin narrow, but not sharp; eye posteriorly separated from occipital margin by about 3 diameters of a facet; head, in frontal view (Fig. 1), very slightly broader than high; scrobes long, extending to 0.79× head height, with margins rounded; mouth fossa broad, only slightly less than frontovertex width; antennal torulus near mouth margin; malar sulcus present; head, in profile, with eye small, only slightly (1.15×) higher than malar space.Mandible (Figs 1, 2) with 2 sharp teeth.Maxillary palp 4-segmented, labial palp 3-segmented.Antennal formula, 1163 (Fig. 3); scape almost cylindrical; pedicel distinctly (more than 2×) longer than F1, the latter shorter than F2; funicle segments, except F1, longer than broad; clava 3-segmented, sutures transverse, third segment with apex obliquely truncate.Mesosoma (Fig. 4).Pronotum, visible part, short, one-fifth mesoscutum length; mesoscutum with notaular lines absent; axillae nearly meeting in the middle; scutellum with a distinct, translucent, apical flange overlapping about anterior half of propodeum; propodeum median length 0.32× scutellum length, including the apical flange; propodeum with dense, irregular sculpture and with a fine groove beginning from posterior margin of each spiracle and ending near posterior margin of propodeum (Fig. 5).Fore wing (Fig. 6) with postmarginal vein absent; stigmal vein nearly as long as marginal vein with a hyaline break at base, and with 4 circular sensilla arranged in a line; parastigma slightly swollen, with a hyaline break apically; costal cell with a line of 5 to 6 setae distally on dorsal surface, and a single line of setae on ventral surface; linea calva complete, posteriorly broad; filum spinosum present (6-7 spines); proximal to linea calva with about 7 lines of setae, but except for the presence of a line of setae below submarginal vein (= filum subvenale), bare in basal triangle.Legs unmodified; tarsal formula 5-5-5.Metasoma 1.4× as long as mesosoma; gaster with TVI and TVII U-shaped; paratergites absent (Fig. 7); last two sternites with well-developed anterior apodemes; hypopygium extending slightly beyond apex of gaster; ovipositor exserted to 0.27× gaster length; third valvula long and in membranous connection with second valvifer.

Encyrtidae from Arunachal Pradesh, India
Comments: This new genus was initially confused for a tetracnemine (subfamily Tetracneminae) as most characters appear to be similar to those of the Charitopus-group of genera.After looking into the figures and description, Dr. J.S. Noyes (BMNH, London) convincingly proved that this genus is an encyrtine (subfamily Encyrtinae).The characters which place this genus in the Encyrtinae are: the presence of a filum spinosum in the fore wing; the absence of paratergites; and the U-shaped TVI and TVII of gaster.However, within the Encyrtinae, it is not possible to find a genus which can be considered as similar or related to this new genus.Because of the unusual combination of characters, this genus does not run to any genus in the available keys to the encyrtid genera (Prinsloo & Annecke, 1979 (1984), Acerophagoides Blanchard (see Noyes, 2000) which are currently placed, probably erroneously, in the Tetracneminae, and Noyesencyrtus Singh, in Singh et al. (2014).

Etymology:
The generic name is an anagram of 'Arunachal' Pradesh.

Etymology:
The species name is derived from the name of the country, India.

Etymology:
The species name is an anagram of India.

Metaphycus zabica Zeya, sp. nov. (Figs 16-23)
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A7AC4E06-C4B2-430F-A966-0B6F91DD02AEFemale Holotype.Length, 0.73 mm (paratypes, 0.62-0.92mm).Head with frontovertex and face up to toruli, white; yellow below toruli; mouth margin dark brown; eye bordered posteriorly by white, otherwise brown; malar space ventrally dark brown; occiput dark brown.Mandible with apex dark brown.Palps white.Antenna (Fig. 19) with radicle dark brown; scape dark brown with dorsal margin and apex white; pedicel basal two-thirds dark brown, apical third Encyrtidae from Arunachal Pradesh, India white; F1-3 brown, F4-6 white; clava with basal two segments dark brown, base of third segment brown, rest of third segment yellowish.Mesosoma (Fig. 21) with pronotal collar and sides white, otherwise dark brown, with a dark brown spot at each posterolateral corner; mesoscutum, except white lateral margins, axilla and scutellum brown; tegula white, with distal half (or a spot at distal half) brown; metanotum dark brown; propodeum mesal to spiracles dark brown, distal to spiracles white; pleurites and sternites white.Fore wing (Fig. 20) hyaline, with pale infuscation from base to at least slightly beyond end of venation; discal setae brown.Hind wing hyaline.Legs, including coxae, white, with brown incomplete bands on tibiae as follows (Fig. 21): fore tibia with a pale brown band at about basal fourth, and apex narrowly brown; mid tibia with 4 brown to pale brown bands, two at middle and one each at base and apex, the second medial band may be faint, and the apical spot may be absent; hind tibia with a basal band, a sub-basal incomplete brown band, subapical band very faint or absent; fore tarsus yellow, with fifth segment brown; mid and hind tarsi white, with fifth segment brown.Metasoma (Fig. 21) with petiole dark brown; dorsum of gaster dark brown, except sides up to cercal plates white; venter white; ovipositor sheaths yellow.

Metasoma (
Because of the following combination of characters, this new species does not run well in the available keys to species of Metaphycus (Annecke & Mynhardt, 1981, mainly South African species; Trjapitzin, 1989, Palaearctic species; Guerrieri & Noyes, 2000, European species; Noyes, 2004, Cota Rican species; Hayat, 2006, Indian species): malar space and mouth margin dark brown; antennal scape dark brown with dorsal margin and apex white; mesothoracic dorsum brown; metanotum and propodeum mesal to spiracles dark brown; fore wing lightly but distinctly infuscate below venation, the infuscation extending slightly beyond apex of venation; all tibiae with a basal and a sub-basal brown, the latter incomplete; sub-apical incomplete brown band present on mid and hind tibiae, and in some specimens, an apical narrow brown band is also present on mid and hind tibia; metasoma dorsally dark brown, except sides up to cercal plates white; antennal scape 2.23× as long as broad; only F6 with longitudinal sensilla; second valvifer 4.4× as long as third valvula; ovipositor subequal in length to mid tibia (27:26); and third valvula 0.62× mid tibial spur length.

Etymology:
The species name is an arbitrary combination of letters, and may be taken as a noun in apposition.

Comments:
The following combination of characters distinguishes this new species from all the described species of Ooencyrtus Ashmead: mandible with two sharp teeth; frontovertex very narrow, at least one-seventh of head width; eye large, 3× as high as malar space; clava with second suture slightly oblique and apical segment obliquely truncate; fore wing with marginal vein longer than broad, and slightly longer than stigmal vein; and ovipositor long, 1.63× as long as mid tibia, and distinctly exserted at apex of gaster, the exserted part slightly more than one-fifth gaster length.Because of these combination of characters, this new species does not run to any known species in the available keys to Ooencyrtus species (Prinsloo, 1987,

Etymology:
The species name refers to the bidentate mandibles.
Head, in dorsal view, transverse, 3.54× as broad as long; frontovertex width 0.5× head width; ocellar triangle with apical angle obtuse; ratios of POL, OOL, OCL, 11:2:2; head, in frontal view (Fig. 37), 1.3× as broad as high; scrobes shallow, margins rounded; torulus with lower margin nearly in line with lower margin of eye; inter-torular distance equal to torulus height; torulusmouth margin distance slightly more than torulus height (7:6); eye height 1.46× malar space; frontovertex with raised polygonal reticulate sculpture, the cells small; between sides of scrobes and eye margin finely reticulate; scrobes and inter-antennal prominence nearly smooth; setae on head small and silvery white, except setae brown between posterior ocelli and occipital margin.Mandible as in female (Fig. 38).Antenna with scape 1.8× as long as broad, otherwise as in Fig. 39.
Metasoma.Hypopygium about as in T. concinnus Kazmi & Hayat (see Fig. 55).Relative measurements (slide, at 100×): metasoma length, 50; ovipositor length, 27; third valvula length, 5.5.[Ovipositor 0.67× mid tibia length; mid basitarsus and mid tibial spur both longer than third valvula, 13:11:5.5]Male: Unknown.Comments: This species of Trechnites Thomson belongs to a group of species characterized by a 3-segmented antennal clava and presence of complete notaular lines on the mesoscutum.To this group belong 8 species of which the following 3 species have their legs, including coxae, completely pale yellow to white: T. angolensis Prinsloo (1981), T. flavipes (Mercet, 1921), and T. versicolor Prinsloo (1981).This new species appears similar to the southern African species, T. versicolor and T. angolensis.It differs from T. versicolor in having the head width 2.96× as broad as frontovertex width; antennal scape with basal third and apex yellow, and medially brownish; and sculpture of the scutellum deeper than that on the mesoscutum.(In T. versicolor: head width 2.5-2.7× as broad as frontovertex width; antennal scape yellowish; and sculpture of mesoscutum and scutellum of same coarseness.Relative lengths of the ovipositor and mid tibia were not given in the original description.)The new species differs from T. angolensis in having the head 2.96× as broad as frontovertex width; and mesoscutum entirely greenish blue.(In T. angolensis: head width 3.2× as broad as frontovertex width; and mid lobe of mesoscutum dark metallic green, but side lobes blackish purple.This species was described from a card mounted female (holotype) and 5 males.The female antenna and genitalia were described in relation to T. versicolor, and were not illustrated).The new species also differs from T. flavipes in having the head width 2.96× as broad as frontovertex width; ovipositor 0.67× mid tibia length; and second valvifer 3.9× as long as third valvula.(In T. flavipes: head width 2.5× as broad as   Comments: In the original description of this species, Kazmi & Hayat (1995) did not mention the number of segments of the maxillary and labial palps.In the paratype (ZDAMU) from Kerala State as well as in the above listed specimen from Arunachal Pradesh, the maxillary and labial palps are both 2-segmented (Fig. 47).We have also illustrated the hypopygium and the ovipositor (Figs 48, 49)

Trechnites concinnus Kazmi & Hayat (Figs 50-58)
This species was described by Kazmi & Hayat (1995) from a single female collected in Kerala (India).It is newly recorded here from Arunachal Pradesh, and the male is recorded for the first time.As the head of the holotype was slightly shrunken and the ovipositor length was measured from an intact gaster, we provide here some relative measurements and illustrations (Figs 50-58).

Male
Length, 0.64 mm.More or less similar to female, except for the antenna and genitalia.Antenna (Fig. 57) with funicle segments all transverse; clava solid.Genitalia (Fig. 58) with phallobase 0.57× mid tibia length, and 1.71× as long as mid basitarsus; digitus 0.54× mid tibial spur length; each digitus with two denticles.Comments: This species was described from specimens collected in Kerala State (holotype, paratypes) and from Andaman and Nicobar Islands (paratype), and later Hayat & Veenakumari (2014) recorded 13 females and 2 males from Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

LIST OF ENCYRTIDAE FROM ARUNACHAL PRADESH (INDIA)
This list includes only the species known prior to the publication of this paper.The reference to the first record of a species from Arunachal Pradesh is given in square brackets.For species described on material (holotypes/paratypes) from Arunachal Pradesh, only the year is enclosed in square brackets.

Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh.
species from sub-Saharan Africa; Noyes, 1985, Neotropical species; Trjapitzin, 1989, Palaearctic species; Huang & Noyes, 1994, Indo-Pacific species; Zhang et al., 2005, Chinese species; Hayat, 2006, Indian species; Noyes, 2010, Costa Rican species.)It may further be noted that because of the bidentate mandibles, this species does not even run to Ooencyrtus in the available keys to the genera of Encyrtidae.